120 available English editorial draft articles.
earlier Manchu designation jalan janggin, was an officer positioned between a banner's commanders and the company captains (zuoling) in the Eight Banners hierarchy. The c
Eight Banners & Institutions“awaiting selection,” described a formal status within Qing official recruitment: a person had acquired a recognized qualification and was registered to await selection b
Eight Banners & Institutionssenior officials heading the Qing imperial bodyguard establishment. Their work involved guard rosters, the protection of the palace, members of the imperial personal guar
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAn additional grade award (jiaji) was a Qing administrative reward granted for assessments, military accomplishments, or other acknowledged service. It frequently appears
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAgricultural colonization by banner forces refers to Qing initiatives through which stationed officers, soldiers, and associated households cleared and cultivated land to
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBanner agricultural estates, commonly described as zhuangtian, formed part of the varied Qing system of military and institutional landholding. The category can encompass
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAllotted banner land, described by the Chinese term fendi, could denote property assigned for use according to the status, military position, or registered household shar
Eight Banners & Institutionsrank within the Qing Eight Banners' military and administrative establishment. It was especially common in regional garrisons, generally subordinate to senior officers su
Eight Banners & Institutionsaffiliated with the Qing Eight Banners through an institutional system of registration. It describes a legal and administrative position shaped by military organization,
Eight Banners & Institutionsin the Qing hereditary honors system for meritorious officials and imperial affines. It ranked below viscount (zi) and above the dignity of light chariot commandant (qing
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBayara, also transcribed in Chinese with the alternative pronunciation bayala, is a Manchu term found in early Qing military sources and associated with elite guard troop
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “bondservant military organization of princely households” concerns the relationship between booi personnel attached to Qing princes and the Banner soldier
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBooi referred to categories of people and administrative registrations connected to specific relations of personal or household subordination within the Qing banner syste
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Blue Banner was a banner name within the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to one of the Eight Banners. It represented a military, administ
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Red Banner was a banner unit within the Eight Banners system, forming the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners organization along with the Plain Red Banner. Banner n
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered White Banner was one of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to the banner system that gradually developed from the Later Jin to the Qing Dynasty
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Yellow Banner was one of the banners in the Eight Banners system, usually grouped with the Plain Yellow Banner and Plain White Banner as the so-called "Upper
Eight Banners & InstitutionsCharitable schools for banner children, generally termed yixue, were one form of education available within Qing banner society. Their particular function was to provide
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression baqi zidi, literally “sons and descendants of the Eight Banners,” originally referred to people belonging by descent and registration to the Qing banner po
Eight Banners & Institutionscommanding the Qing Imperial Guard Camp. The Draft History of Qing describes the rank as full second grade, with one commander assigned to each of the Eight Banners, maki
Eight Banners & InstitutionsA dutong was a senior official of the Qing Eight Banners administration, generally associated with command and management of the affairs of an individual banner. Because
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Vanguard Battalion, was a senior officer directing one of its two wings. Responsibilities included managing battalion affairs, selecting elite soldiers, organizing ex
Eight Banners & InstitutionsCommutation of punishments for persons registered in the Eight Banners refers to specific Qing legal arrangements under which offenses otherwise punishable by beating, pe
Eight Banners & Institutionsofficial within the Qing provincial Eight Banners establishment. The office was related to the company captaincy in the Beijing banners but operated in a different admini
Eight Banners & Institutionsregisters recording adult males, household members, and status classifications for administrative review. They are especially important for the Eight Banners and the popu
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe designation “Eight Banners disciplinary regulations” refers broadly to Qing provisions governing misconduct in banner military and administrative affairs. Relevant ru
Eight Banners & Institutionsnon-imperial hereditary titles awarded for military merit and other service, or to some imperial affines. It ranked below marquis (hou) and above viscount (zi), and was d
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners Official Schools were a general term for the government-run educational system related to the education of the Eight Banners personnel during the Qing D
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners system was a crucial military and social organizational system of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties, formed during Nurhaci's integration of the various J
Eight Banners & Institutionsentry of civilians and others into a dependent service relationship under banner households in Qing China. It was not identical to short-term wage labour, nor to a tenanc
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe First Historical Archives of China is a national archive primarily focused on the collection, preservation, and utilization of historical archives from the central go
Eight Banners & Institutionsexpression for gongsheng (tribute students) and jiansheng (Imperial Academy students or persons holding corresponding academy status) in Qing sources. It did not identify
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Grand Council (Junji Chu) was a crucial central administrative body in the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, its formation related to the needs of handling military and confi
Eight Banners & InstitutionsGuangning Garrison City refers to the military and administrative space of the Qing Eight Banners establishment centered on Guangning, in the region of present-day Beizhe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsGushan is a common transliteration of the Manchu word gūsa. In the context of the Eight Banners system, it refers to the organizational level of a banner, and is an impor
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Han Chinese Eight Banners were a Han Chinese banner branch organization within the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners system, formed through a specific historical process.
Eight Banners & Institutions'Harvard Manchu Studies' is not a fixed institutional entity that can be directly equated with the name of any independent department. Rather, it refers to the academic w
Eight Banners & Institutionsinstitutions, shizi was a title conferred by the court on an eligible principal son of a prince of the first rank (qinwang). It differed from zhangzi, the title associate
Eight Banners & Institutionscategory of Qing Eight Banners company leadership associated with a family's historic submission, the people originally brought under its authority, and recognized patter
Eight Banners & Institutionsmilitary grades conferred on the basis of military achievement or distinguished service and made inheritable under specified rules. The term did not mean that all salarie
Eight Banners & Institutionswhose obligation to serve particular families continued across generations. Although relevant to the social history of Qing China, the category was not confined to the Ei
Eight Banners & Institutionsdescendants to titles, hereditary military ranks, or particular recognized management privileges under rules established by the state. Qing sources use the term for diffe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsHuxia, literally “under a household,” was a term of affiliation and registration within the Qing Eight Banners system. It could refer to people listed under a particular
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe imperial examination system was a crucial system for selecting officials in traditional China. The Qing Dynasty adopted and adjusted the examination system of the Min
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe imperial examination system was a crucial method for selecting scholars and officials throughout Chinese history, developing into a relatively mature hierarchical exa
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Eight Banners' Imperial Guard Camp (Hujunying), performing guard duty at palace entrances, escorting the emperor, and undertaking related military exercises. The expr
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Imperial Household Department (Imperial Household Department) was a crucial institution in the Qing Dynasty responsible for the internal affairs of the imperial famil
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEstates administered by the Qing Imperial Household Department formed an important part of the system supplying the court with income, grain, and other materials. They sh
Eight Banners & Institutionsdenoted soldiers whose ordinary mode of movement was on foot. In Qing sources, however, Eight Banners bujun had a particularly important association with the capital's ga
Eight Banners & Institutions"Jiala" is a common transliteration of the Manchu word "jalan," representing an intermediate level in the early Eight Banners organizational structure. It can generally b
Eight Banners & InstitutionsJanggin (Chinese transcription zhangjing) was a recurrent designation for officials in the Later Jin and Qing institutional systems. The word alone does not establish an
Eight Banners & InstitutionsJingshan Government School was a state-sponsored educational establishment in Beijing serving boys from households registered under the Three Banners of the Imperial Hous
Eight Banners & InstitutionsKaifu in Qing administrative records referred to an officially approved restoration of a status, rank, qualification, or benefit previously lost or reduced through discip
Eight Banners & InstitutionsKaihu, literally “opening a household,” was an adjustment of household registration and dependent status within Qing Eight Banners society. It concerned, among others, pe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression jiding shoutian describes an allocation of land according to a count of registered adult males or service-liable persons. Such arrangements appeared within
Eight Banners & Institutionsstudents admitted into the officially recognized schools of prefectures, departments, and counties through prescribed examinations. The standing represented educational r
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Lifan Yuan (Court of Colonial Affairs) was an important central institution in the Qing Dynasty responsible for managing affairs of border ethnic groups such as Mongo
Eight Banners & InstitutionsIn Qing military records, majia commonly denotes a category of mounted or armored Banner soldiers, associated with the cavalry establishment and the term xiaoqi. In this
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Blue Banner Manchu division, identified by a blue flag with a border, was administered separately from the Plain Blue Banner. A Qing banner was more than a m
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Red Banner Manchu division was one of the eight constituent Manchu banners. It was differentiated by its bordered red standard from the Plain Red Banner. In
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered White Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations. Although its name resembles that of the Plain White Banner, the two were admin
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Yellow Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations. Its bordered yellow standard distinguished it from the Plain Yellow Banner. “
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain White Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations, identified by a white standard without the distinguishing border of the Bordered
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Manchu Eight Banners were a group of organizational units centered on the Manchu banners within the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty. They formed a management
Eight Banners & Institutions(Zhenglanqi Manzhou) was the plain-blue division of the Manchu Eight Banners. The designation 'plain' identified a colour without the corresponding contrasting border; it
Eight Banners & InstitutionsManzhou) was one component of the Qing Eight Banners' Manchu division. It did not denote all troops who happened to carry red standards, nor a community separate from the
Eight Banners & Institutions(Zhenghuangqi Manzhou) was the Manchu division identified by a plain yellow standard in the Qing Eight Banners. It shared its colour designation with the Mongol and Han-m
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Manchu Studies Group is an organization or network focused on resources for learning and researching the Manchu language and related history and culture. It differs f
Eight Banners & Institutionsrank in recognition of service or merit. Qing institutional writing frequently contrasts it with enfeoffment by imperial favour or family connection (enfeng). It named th
Eight Banners & Institutionsgeneral (zhufang jiangjun) was a high-ranking military and administrative officer stationed at an important Qing city or frontier center to oversee the local Eight Banner
Eight Banners & Institutionsadministration, junzheng referred to the formal periodic evaluation of military officers, not simply to 'military politics' in the modern general sense. It resembled the
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Ministry of Rites (Libu) was one of the Six Ministries of the Ming and Qing dynasties, primarily responsible for national rites, regulations, and related affairs. In
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Ministry of War was one of the Six Ministries of the Ming and Qing dynasties, responsible for a certain range of military administrative affairs, such as military ran
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Mongol Eight Banners were the Mongol banner units within the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners system, formed during the historical process of absorbing Mongol population
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe multilingual system of the Qing Dynasty was an institutionalized practice that simultaneously used Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan languages in Qing adminis
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe National Palace Museum, located in Taipei, Taiwan, houses and researches a vast collection of Chinese imperial artifacts and historical documents from various dynasti
Eight Banners & InstitutionsNiru is a common transliteration of the Manchu word niru, and it was one of the basic organizational units in the Eight Banners system of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties
Eight Banners & Institutionsbasic Eight Banners officer and a term used for the banner company that he administered. The institution developed from the early Manchu niru organization; early titles s
Eight Banners & InstitutionsNiru ejen was the title of the leader of a niru, the basic organizational unit developed under the Later Jin state and subsequently known in Chinese as a zuoling, or bann
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Eight Banners at Shengjing belonged to the Qing system for educating banner populations, but their regional garrison setting differed from the schools administered th
Eight Banners & Institutions(Jianruiying guanxue) served younger members of banner families associated with the Jianrui Battalion in the Xiangshan area near Beijing. The battalion was known for spec
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Palace Museum, located within the Forbidden City in Beijing, is a major museum focusing on Ming and Qing dynasty palace architecture, artifacts, and historical archiv
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Blue Banner was one of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty system, belonging to the category of "Plain Banners" without borders. "Blue" refers to the color of
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Red Banner was one of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to the plain banners without borders. The name of the Eight Banners primarily indicates o
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain White Banner (Plain White Banner) was the white plain banner among the Eight Banners, often listed as one of the Upper Three Banners in the Qing Dynasty. The di
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Yellow Banner was one of the Eight Banners, distinguished by its yellow, unbordered flag. During the Qing Dynasty, it typically belonged to the Upper Three Bann
Eight Banners & InstitutionsPopulation and household registration within the Eight Banners formed a distinct system for recording the people, families, and status qualifications attached to Qing ban
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe preliminary civil-service examinations known as tongshi were part of the process by which candidates could qualify for student status before attempting higher examina
Eight Banners & Institutionsprincipal list of successful candidates in an imperial examination, commonly distinguished from a supplementary list (fubang). The meaning depends on which examination wa
Eight Banners & InstitutionsPublic property associated with the Eight Banners comprised land, buildings, and other income-producing assets administered collectively or under banner offices. The prec
Eight Banners & Institutionsimperial guard selected for service associated with the Gate of Heavenly Purity and the emperor's inner-court security. The designation did not encompass every palace gua
Eight Banners & Institutionsbanner households, was a classification within the Qing Eight Banners household-registration system. It related to other distinctions such as zhengshen (persons of recogn
Eight Banners & Institutionsroute', was a bureaucratic classification of recognized credentials for access to certain official posts under the Qing. It was not an assessment of moral legitimacy. The
Eight Banners & Institutionsof banner people associated with recognized regular status within Qing banner registration. It is sometimes discussed in relation to independent household standing and di
Eight Banners & Institutionsarrangements directed at young members of the Eight Banners who held, or were expected to succeed to, hereditary appointments and ranks. They were intended to ensure inst
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe administration of Qing Eight Banners household registers for persons or units recorded separately from populations subordinated within another household. Its precise
Eight Banners & Institutionslanguage, xingzou signified service by imperial order in a designated institution or under a particular assignment. It did not refer to ordinary walking and, by itself, w
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe six criteria were six criteria used in the Qing Dynasty to identify incompetent officials during performance evaluations. Volume 111 of the Draft History of the Qing
Eight Banners & Institutionswithin Mongol aristocratic institutions under the Qing, divided into recognized grades and sometimes held alongside duties as a jasagh or assistant in banner administrati
Eight Banners & Institutionshighest level of the imperial civil examination system. In the usual Qing sequence, candidates already qualified as school students could sit the provincial examination (
Eight Banners & Institutionsofficial serving in the coin-casting factories of the Qing capital's Baoquan Bureau, administered under the Ministry of Revenue. Despite the characters translated elsewhe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEight Banners military establishment stationed at Chengdu in Sichuan during the Qing. Its service personnel and their families formed a local network of military quarters
Eight Banners & Institutionscentral military, administrative, and social framework of the Later Jin and Qing polities. Their formation was associated with Nurhaci’s consolidation of Jurchen groups,
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners garrison system involved the long-term stationing of banner troops and their families in strategically significant towns, passes, and territories outsid
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners system was a military, political, and social institution developed in the early Qing period and maintained throughout the dynasty. At its foundation sto
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qing “well-field” scheme for the Eight Banners was a land-settlement experiment initiated during the Yongzheng reign to provide livelihoods for some economically inse
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “eight categories of banner-rent land” (baxiang qizu di) designates a group of Qing banner public lands, notably in the capital region and neighboring dist
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qing Firearms Battalion (Huoqiying) was a specialized establishment within the capital Eight Banners military system for the training and operation of firearms and ar
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangning City Garrison was a Qing military establishment centered on Guangning in the Fengtian region, broadly corresponding to the vicinity of modern Beizhen in Lia
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangzhou Prefectural Garrison was the system of Eight Banners military deployment and Banner administration established by the Qing in Guangzhou, the seat of Guangzh
Eight Banners & Institutionsa Qing military-designated office responsible for imperial carriages, processions, and ceremonial equipment within the Luanyiwei, the Imperial Processional Guard. Its nam
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiuguantai Border-Gate Garrison was a Qing military posting near a gate of the Willow Palisade in the Fengtian region of northeastern China. The related place-name al
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Kaifeng garrison was the Qing Eight Banners military establishment stationed in Kaifeng, the provincial capital of Henan. It consisted of soldiers, administrative off
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Left Wing was one of the two major groupings of the Eight Banners in the Qing capital. It comprised the Bordered Yellow, Plain White, Bordered White, and Plain Blue b
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe livelihoods of banner households constituted a persistent problem of Qing social and fiscal policy. The expression baqi shengji embraces questions of income, housing,
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “Manchu Eight Banners” (Baqi Manzhou) refers to the Manchu-designated components of the Qing banner institutions, which existed alongside the Mongol Eight
Eight Banners & Institutions“pace bow,” was an implement employed for measuring land. Despite the character for “bow” in its name, the object discussed here was not an archery weapon or a military u
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe metropolitan examination, or huishi, was a central stage of Qing civil-service selection that followed the provincial examination and preceded further procedures asso
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe palace examination (dianshi) was the final stage of the ordinary Qing literary examination sequence. Qualified banner candidates who had achieved the relevant metropo
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe preliminary translation examination (fanyi tongshi) was an entry-level stage in the Qing translation examination system, principally for eligible candidates of banner
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe provincial civil-service examination, or xiangshi, was a major stage in the Qing examination system through which qualified candidates could obtain the juren degree.
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qianjiadian Garrison was a Qing military posting in the northern mountain approaches to the capital region. Records in the Imperially Commissioned Eight Banners Gazet
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Anhui Bureau was one of seventeen province-named administrative sections of the Qing Board of Punishments. It examined criminal files from Anhui at the central level
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Fengtian Bureau was one of the Qing Board of Punishments' seventeen administrative sections, examining criminal files concerning Fengtian in the northeast. Although F
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiangsu Bureau was a division of the central Qing Board of Punishments for reviewing and processing criminal case files associated with Jiangsu. It was part of the ca
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiangxi Bureau belonged to the Qing Board of Punishments' provincial case-review system, consisting of seventeen such sections in the account used here. It examined J
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Sichuan Bureau was one of the sections of the Qing Board of Punishments responsible for examining criminal cases and related documentation assigned by province. While
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Fujian Bureau was one of the fourteen administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. Its provincial name indicated an initial sphere of fiscal responsibility,
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangdong Bureau was one of fourteen provincial-named administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. Its principal assignment involved reviewing Guangdong civi
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Shaanxi Bureau was a Beijing-based section of the Qing Board of Revenue responsible for fiscal documentation and accounts associated with Shaanxi and other specified
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Shandong Bureau was one of the provincial-designated administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. It examined revenue, taxes, grain assessments, and accounti
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Yunnan Bureau was an administrative section of the central Qing Board of Revenue. Although named for Yunnan, it also reviewed fiscal cases involving the transportatio
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bureau of Reception and Tribute (Zhuke Qingli Si) was one of four Qing Board of Rites administrative sections. It managed guest ritual involving the reception of fore
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Grand Secretariat (Neige) was a crucial institution in the Qing Dynasty's central administrative system. Inheriting and adjusting related systems from the Ming Dynast
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEight Banners guard formation whose origins were associated with the early Manchu Bayara guards. It was charged with guarding palace entrances, escorting the sovereign, p
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bureau of Construction and Repairs (Yingshan Qingli Si) was one of four administrative bureaus within the Qing Ministry of Works, alongside those concerned with resou
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Right Wing was the counterpart of the Left Wing in the traditional organization of the Eight Banners in Beijing. It included the Plain Yellow, Plain Red, Bordered Red
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe spatial disposition of the Eight Banners refers to the arrangement of banner garrisons within Qing Beijing according to banner colors and the division into left and r
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Taiyuan garrison was a Qing Eight Banners military establishment located in Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province. The Draft History of Qing dates the office of gar
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Upper Three Banners (shang san qi) were the Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow, and Plain White banners in the established Qing institutional arrangement. They were contra
Eight Banners & Institutions(Qianfengying) was an elite formation within the Qing Eight Banners guard system. Recruited principally from Manchu and Mongol banner soldiers, it was responsible for spe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Xiaoheishan Garrison was a Qing military post in the Guangning region of Fengtian, associated with the four-route garrison arrangement that also included Juliuhe, Bai
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Xiaoling River Garrison was one of the Qing Eight Banners military postings subordinate to the Jinzhou area of Fengtian, in western Liaoning near modern Jinzhou and L
Eight Banners & InstitutionsIn the terminology of Qing imperial-clan nobility, bafen (literally “eight shares” or “eight divisions”) is most consequential in the distinction between titles described
Eight Banners & Institutionsqualified officials serving in the provinces could be selected for transfer to the capital, where they might undergo examination, assessment, or presentation for appointm
Eight Banners & Institutionsqualification within the school and examination systems of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It concerned the recommendation or admission of students from local government sch
Eight Banners & InstitutionsQing population registers, banner administration, and military schools for young males not yet counted as fully adult ding. The specific age limits and rules differed wit
Eight Banners & Institutionsdesignated soldiers of the elite Vanguard Battalion, normally selected from the Manchu and Mongol banner populations. Duties included the emperor's security, guard servic
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe title translated here as “viscount” (zi) belonged to the Qing hierarchy of meritorious and affinal nobility. It stood below count (bo) and above baron (nan) and was d
Eight Banners & InstitutionsQing tribute student selected on the basis of scholarly and moral performance. It belonged to the qualification system associated with the Guozijian, or Imperial Academy.
Eight Banners & Institutions"Yu Ding" was a term used in Qing Dynasty banner documents to refer to people outside the established military quotas and ranks. The emphasis was on the relationship betw
Eight Banners & InstitutionsYunqiwei, conventionally rendered “Cloud Cavalry Commandant,” was a Qing hereditary military-merit title. Fascicle 117 of the Draft History of Qing places it at the fifth