111 available English editorial draft articles.
Auspicious costume (jifu) for a fuguo gong, a hereditary duke of the imperial clan, designated a category of clothing used on specified ceremonial occasions rather than a
Culture & Everyday Lifejiangjun, or “General Who Guards the State,” was a Qing imperial-clan title below the ducal grades, not automatically an appointment to command an army. Its holders wore
Culture & Everyday LifeThe jifu belt of a doroi beile was worn with auspicious ceremonial dress rather than the more formal court ensemble. Qing regulations distinguished court dress (chaofu),
Culture & Everyday Life(jifudai) accompanied the jifu worn by Qing civil and military officials for specified festive or ceremonial activities. It was not simply the court belt (chaodai) under
Culture & Everyday LifeThe auspicious-dress hat (jifuguan) belonged to the prescribed costume of a doroi beile. It was not an interchangeable everyday hat: Qing regulations distinguished types
Culture & Everyday Lifewas prescribed for certain festive and ceremonial settings, as distinct from the court hat used in the most formal state rituals. The Illustrated Regulations for the Cere
Culture & Everyday Lifepreparation found in Beijing and parts of northern China. Buckwheat flour is mixed into a paste, cooked until it sets, and allowed to cool before being cut into blocks or
Culture & Everyday Lifezhaohun or “calling away fright” in some local traditions, refers to folk beliefs and rites concerning the soul, shock and illness. A common explanatory idea held that se
Culture & Everyday LifeCourt beads (chaozhu) were worn with the prescribed formal dress of a doroi beile, a noble grade of the Qing imperial clan. They were part of a regulated court costume sy
Culture & Everyday Lifeefu were an accessory to the formal attire of a man married to a woman invested with the imperial-clan title xiangjun. The headword primarily specifies the potential wear
Culture & Everyday LifeThe court belt of a doroi beile was worn by a member of this rank of the Qing imperial clan with the prescribed court costume. Beile was a hereditary noble grade within t
Culture & Everyday Lifea specifically invested successor of a Qing prince of the first rank. The term did not denote every eldest son of every noble family. Within Qing imperial-clan practice,
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the formally recognised principal wife of a Qing prince's invested heir. The word fujin indicated a recognised consort within the imperial-clan system; it was
Culture & Everyday Lifexiangjun belonged to the regulated clothing of Qing imperial-clan women awarded that title. A xiangjun was a title within the system of female imperial-clan ranks, not a
Culture & Everyday Lifebe worn by palace guards entitled to them under the Qing dress regulations during formal ceremonial occasions. The guards' principal responsibilities concerned security a
Culture & Everyday LifeCourt beads worn by women of conferred rank (mingfu chaozhu) formed part of Qing formal dress for women who held an officially recognized ceremonial grade. Mingfu describ
Culture & Everyday Life(chaozhu) for a beizi formed part of the ceremonial dress prescribed for this rank of the Qing imperial clan, below the beile. Such beads were not simply decorative neckl
Culture & Everyday Lifeof a mingong, or non-imperial duke, were a strand of ceremonial beads worn with prescribed court attire. They were not merely everyday Buddhist prayer beads under another
Culture & Everyday LifeQing shizi formed part of the regulated attire of a prince's formally recognised successor. The title was not a generic synonym for all sons of noble families. Court bead
Culture & Everyday Lifethe emperor's sons formed part of the Qing system of regulated ceremonial clothing. In juan 4, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Paraphernalia of the Imperia
Culture & Everyday Lifeceremonial necklaces, not ornaments automatically worn by all nine grades of Qing officials. Under the prescriptions in juan 5 of the Illustrated Regulations for the Cere
Culture & Everyday Lifeprescribed necklace ornaments used in Qing formal attire. The necklaces of the zhenguo gong, an imperial-clan noble below beizi and above fuguo gong, participated in the
Culture & Everyday Life(chaodai) of a gushan beizi formed part of the formal ensemble prescribed for this rank of imperial-clan nobility. It was not equivalent to an ordinary belt used to secur
Culture & Everyday Lifewas worn around the waist as part of the ceremonial dress of a non-imperial Qing duke. It helped secure the ensemble while also displaying rank through its plaques, fitti
Culture & Everyday Lifegong, a Qing imperial-clan auxiliary duke, formed part of full court dress. This title ranked below zhenguo gong, and it did not in itself denote appointment to an admini
Culture & Everyday Lifepart of the prescribed formal outfit of Qing civil and military officials. Its plaques and ornamentation signaled distinctions among ranks. Volume 5 of the Illustrated Re
Culture & Everyday Life(chaodai) formed part of the Qing full court-dress ensemble for a titled imperial-clan duke. The noble rank stood below beizi and above fuguo gong; it was a hereditary or
Culture & Everyday Lifeby a zhenguo jiangjun was a regulated component of formal Qing court dress. The belt's color and ornamented plaques expressed the person's title within the imperial clan.
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) of a duoluo beile was a formal headpiece worn in prescribed ceremonies by a member of the Qing imperial clan holding that noble rank. It should not be confused
Culture & Everyday Lifeto the court crown of the principal wife, or fujin, of a duoluo beile. The beile was a grade of Qing imperial-clan nobility below the prince of the second rank and above
Culture & Everyday Lifegushan beizi was worn at formal Qing court ceremonies. The rank was a hereditary title within the imperial clan rather than an administrative appointment. Court crowns we
Culture & Everyday Lifewas a formal headpiece prescribed for a duke outside the Qing imperial clan. It differed from festive crowns and informal headwear. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi d
Culture & Everyday Lifeshizi was the formal headdress prescribed for the recognised heir of a Qing prince of the first rank. Shizi was a specific status in the imperial-clan succession hierarch
Culture & Everyday Lifexiangjun's efu was the formal headpiece worn in conjunction with court attire by a man married to a titled xiangjun of the Qing imperial clan. The category efu encompasse
Culture & Everyday Lifeguards (shiwei) belonged to their prescribed dress for formal ceremonies. A guard's position involved palace protection and service in the imperial entourage; it was an a
Culture & Everyday Lifebeile were worn by a holder of this Qing imperial-clan title at official audiences and other prescribed rites. Beile referred to a grade of nobility below a prince of the
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the Qing hierarchy of imperial-clan titles. The full rank name gushan beizi designated a position below duoluo beile and above feng'en zhenguo gong. It was th
Culture & Everyday Lifea zhenguo jiangjun was formal clothing worn at major Qing state ceremonies. Zhenguo jiangjun was an imperial-clan title, and the word jiangjun (“general”) did not automat
Culture & Everyday LifeThe court hat of a fuguo gong was prescribed for the formal appearances of a Qing imperial-clan duke. The grade of fuguo gong belonged to the aristocratic hierarchy below
Culture & Everyday LifeThis entry concerns the ceremonial court headdress of a woman holding the recognized status of wife of a fuguo gong, or duke who assists the state. That designation was d
Culture & Everyday Lifeimperial son (huangzi chaoguan) belonged to the Qing hierarchy of ceremonial headwear. The status of a son of the emperor should not be confused with that of the formally
Culture & Everyday Lifeby qualifying Qing civil and military officials during formal ceremonies. Although the overall function was shared, the finial and other features were specified by rank.
Culture & Everyday Lifezhenguo gong was formal headwear worn by a Qing imperial-clan duke in prescribed ceremonies. Zhenguo gong was a noble title below beizi and above fuguo gong, not the name
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) was prescribed for formal Qing court ceremonies. The upper ornament followed rank-related rules. In juan 5, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Para
Culture & Everyday Lifemingong were prescribed for a Qing duke outside the imperial clan when attending major audiences and formal ceremonies. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi describes two
Culture & Everyday Lifewas formal attire worn by Qing civil and military officials of designated ranks for major state ceremonies. “Officials’ court robes” is a collective designation, not the
Culture & Everyday Lifefujin formed one element of the formal attire prescribed for the principal wife of a duoluo beile. The husband’s title belonged to the Qing imperial-clan hierarchy, below
Culture & Everyday LifeThe dragon-patterned mangpao prescribed for a doroi beile illustrates the Qing practice of signalling political and hereditary status through costume. Beile was a noble g
Culture & Everyday Lifesacrifice or ritual observance conducted in the evening. In historical research on Manchu culture, however, the word must be interpreted in the context of a particular ri
Culture & Everyday Lifeface,” refers to a traditional method of facial grooming in which a fine thread is used to remove small facial hairs and shape the areas around the forehead and temples.
Culture & Everyday Lifeshizi was worn by the formally invested heir of a Qing prince of the first rank on celebratory and other authorised occasions. It differed from the full court attire (cha
Culture & Everyday Lifewas the principal wife of an invested heir to a Qing prince of the first rank. Her festive attire (jifu) was intended for specified celebratory occasions, not for all the
Culture & Everyday Lifefujin belonged to the jifu system of regulated clothing used on specified celebratory and other occasions. The fujin was the principal wife of a duoluo beile, a rank of Q
Culture & Everyday Lifeguards were prescribed for specified celebrations and associated ceremonial occasions. They belonged to the jifu system and should not be confused with the formal court c
Culture & Everyday Lifefestive or auspicious dress, was a regulated category of clothing worn at prescribed Qing court and official occasions, including celebrations and certain ordinary court
Culture & Everyday Lifereferred to a duke outside the imperial-clan system, such as a holder of a merit-based or affinal title. His clothing entitlements must not be conflated with those of imp
Culture & Everyday Lifefestive dress of a man married to a woman bearing the Qing imperial-clan title xiangjun. The word efu designated a husband of a woman of imperial or princely status, but
Culture & Everyday Lifeare defined by soles that are comparatively level and lack conspicuous raised heels or central platforms. The designation describes construction, not a noble title or an
Culture & Everyday Lifeflowerpot-soled shoes, is a conventional designation for elevated footwear associated especially with women's dress at the Qing court. A Palace Museum pair from the Guang
Culture & Everyday Lifea fur outercoat worn by certain Qing officials on prescribed formal occasions during cold weather. It was not a standard winter coat distributed to every person holding a
Culture & Everyday Lifeimperial son was a fur outer garment worn for specified Qing court ceremonies during cold weather. It provided protection against the cold while also expressing the statu
Culture & Everyday Lifean outer coat specified within the Qing imperial-clan system of formal cold-weather dress. It should not be confused with an embroidered rank-badge overcoat (bufu), a cou
Culture & Everyday LifeQing imperial-clan titleholders was a fur outercoat used under formal dress rules during cold weather. For the zhenguo jiangjun, it must be distinguished from a court rob
Culture & Everyday Lifeof shaped sleeve end found on Qing-period garments. Its projecting outline is conventionally likened to a horse’s hoof. It is not an independent wrist guard, nor does the
Culture & Everyday Lifeare a form of elevated footwear associated particularly with women at the Qing court, including imperial consorts. The Palace Museum's description of surviving objects ex
Culture & Everyday LifeHuimen, also known in related accounts as guining, was a post-wedding visit by a newly married couple to the bride's parental home. It followed the wedding procession, th
Culture & Everyday Lifepart of the history of everyday life, ceremonial order, practical activities, and material culture. They encompass a wide range of garments associated with domestic use,
Culture & Everyday Lifethe Manchu people in the Qing dynasty included both tightly regulated palace costume and the varied robes, jackets, sleeveless vests, headwear, and footwear worn in Banne
Culture & Everyday Lifebearing mang motifs, was worn by Qing officials on specified auspicious and ceremonial occasions. Its ornamentation was regulated by status. Juan 5 of the Illustrated Reg
Culture & Everyday Life“thousand-layer sole”) refers to a traditional type of cloth shoe distinguished chiefly by the construction of its sole. Layers of textile are assembled, sometimes using
Culture & Everyday LifeThe custom known as qiqiao, or “praying for dexterity,” forms part of the traditional Chinese Qixi observances held around the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. Ass
Culture & Everyday Lifeassociated with the rank of duoluo beile in the dress regulations of the Qing imperial clan. Beile stood below a prince of the second rank and above a gushan beizi; it wa
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the Qing system of differentiated clothing for members of the imperial clan. Fuguo gong, often rendered “Duke Who Assists the State” or auxiliary duke, was a
Culture & Everyday Lifenon-imperial duke, was an outer garment bearing rank insignia at the front and back for authorised court occasions. A rank badge (buzi) was the conspicuous figured panel
Culture & Everyday Lifeworn by Qing officials and certain nobles at specified occasions, distinguished by rank insignia displayed on the front and back. The buzi badge was the conspicuous embro
Culture & Everyday Lifetranslated “Duke Who Guards the State,” was a Qing imperial-clan noble ranked below a gushan beizi and above a fuguo gong. The title signified a position in the imperial
Culture & Everyday Lifethe Qing imperial clan holding a title within the military-sounding noble hierarchy below the ducal grades. The title did not itself establish command over troops. The co
Culture & Everyday Lifeouter jacket in which prized sable fur was used as a major component, lining, or trimming. The designation concerns the garment's material and its short-jacket form, not
Culture & Everyday Life(jitian) refers broadly to rites addressing Heaven or heavenly powers through offerings, petitions, thanksgiving, and ceremonial acknowledgement. Its religious and politi
Culture & Everyday Liferites conducted by the Qing Manchu imperial house at a designated ritual site. They incorporated elements of earlier Manchu clan worship while becoming part of the formal
Culture & Everyday Lifegrain cake found in northern China and other regions. It also appears in published accounts of Manchu household foodways in Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei. A c
Culture & Everyday Life“back-to-the-lamp” sacrifice, was a ritual within certain Manchu Shamanic traditions conducted at night in a darkened setting. The name should not be misconstrued as a ri
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment distinguished by an unusually elaborate arrangement of fastening buttons. Baturu is associated with bravery and warriors, but the garment's name is not proof that
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment worn over a robe within the Qing system of festive attire. It differed in length and use from the robe beneath it. For the empress and women of specified palace r
Culture & Everyday Lifedesignation for garments bearing prestigious dragon imagery in Qing court culture, but careful identification requires attention to the wearer's status, the occasion and
Culture & Everyday Life(literally “eight-sided drum”) denotes both an octagonal hand-held drum and a group of performance practices associated with it in Beijing. The distinction is essential:
Culture & Everyday Lifewas headwear intended for travel in wet conditions and worn with the rain-dress ensemble. It should be distinguished from the traveling hat, formal court crown, and ordin
Culture & Everyday Lifebelt (xingdai) accompanied Qing imperial traveling dress and secured clothing at the waist. It also provided attachment points for objects useful on journeys, including p
Culture & Everyday Life(xingfu) comprised garments used on imperial tours, in the hunt, during riding, and on related outdoor occasions. It emphasized mobility and practical adjustment to the w
Culture & Everyday Life(xingguan) was worn with the Qing imperial traveling ensemble on tours, hunting expeditions, and related outdoor activities. It differed from the court crown prescribed f
Culture & Everyday Lifeby a Qing empress were regulated ornaments used for designated formal occasions. They were distinct from ordinary decorative necklaces, and the number of strands differed
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) was formal headwear worn with the prescribed court-dress ensemble on major Qing state and ritual occasions. It was not an everyday cap. Its construction and or
Culture & Everyday Life(chaopao) formed a central part of Qing full ceremonial dress for important sacrifices, court assemblies, and major state celebrations. It belonged to a category of regul
Culture & Everyday Lifeskirt (chaoqun) was the inner skirt component of full Qing ceremonial dress, worn for important state sacrifices and grand celebrations. It should not be confused with an
Culture & Everyday Lifeovercoat (longgua) formed part of the Qing auspicious-dress ensemble. It was distinct from the dragon robe worn beneath it, and also from the court overcoat (chaogua) bel
Culture & Everyday Liferobe (longpao) belonged to the Qing imperial system of auspicious dress (jifu). It should be distinguished from the court robe (chaopao) worn as part of full ceremonial a
Culture & Everyday Lifeempress's regulated ceremonial adornment, not merely ordinary ornaments worn by women at court. In juan 6, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Paraphernalia of
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment commonly associated with Qing-period dress, often worn over a longer robe. Its shorter body length distinguishes it broadly from robes and long gowns, but magua j
Culture & Everyday Lifejacket (dajin magua) is a short outer garment whose front closes with one side overlapping the other. The term dajin describes the construction of the garment opening. It
Culture & Everyday Life(dahun) was a state ceremony conducted when a reigning emperor married and installed his empress. It united a dynastic marriage with the formal establishment of the empre
Culture & Everyday Lifedaizi) was used in Qing imperial-family practice as a colloquial designation and visible marker for members of the Gioro (jueluo) branch who were distinguished from the m
Culture & Everyday Liferaising ceremony (shangliang yishi) is a traditional observance associated with the installation of a principal roof beam during house construction. Beyond the practical
Culture & Everyday Life“seven-star sable,” was a Qing term for a sable-fur ornament associated with an official's traveling headwear. It did not designate seven species of sable, a constellatio
Culture & Everyday Lifethe organised ensemble dances performed at Qing court banquets, especially for gatherings involving the imperial clan and commemorations of dynastic ancestry. It was not
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment or vest, found in multiple forms of Qing-period women's and men's clothing. Such garments could be worn with robes or outer jackets, either inside or outside othe
Culture & Everyday Lifeshortened-front robe, commonly called quejin pao, was a type of Qing traveling robe distinguished by its lower right-front construction. A section of the front could be s
Culture & Everyday Lifewedding” refers to a customary sequence in which marriage celebrations were distributed across three days in certain Manchu communities of northeastern China. It does not
Culture & Everyday Lifedaizi) was a colloquial designation for members of the Qing imperial clan (zongshi), derived from their entitlement to a specified color of belt. It is commonly contraste
Culture & Everyday Lifearound”) is a term for a kind of long outer garment mentioned in Qing costume writing and literature. It generally denotes a relatively enclosed robe or padded coat witho
Culture & Everyday Lifea fur outer garment worn over formal clothing during specified cold-weather ceremonies. It provided protection from the weather while expressing the wearer's entitlement
Culture & Everyday Lifeduanzhao was a fur outer garment worn at prescribed ceremonial occasions and seasons. Its materials could mark service rank. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi describe